51社区

Findings provide conclusive evidence that multiple species of hominins co-existed on the landscape

The oldest unequivocal evidence of upright walking in the human lineage are footprints discovered at Laetoli, Tanzania in 1978, by paleontologist Mary Leakey and her team. The bipedal trackways date to 3.7 million years ago. Another set of mysterious footprints was partially excavated at nearby Site A in 1976 but dismissed as possibly being made by a bear. A recent re-excavation of the Site A footprints at Laetoli and a detailed comparative analysis reveal that the footprints were made by an early human 鈥� a bipedal hominin, according to a new study reported in .

鈥淕iven the increasing evidence for locomotor and species diversity in the hominin fossil record over the past 30 years, these unusual prints deserved another look,鈥� said lead author Ellison McNutt, an assistant professor of instruction at the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine at 51社区. She started the work as a graduate student in Ecology, Evolution, Environment, and Society at Dartmouth College, where she focused on the biomechanics of walking in early humans and utilized comparative anatomy, including that of bears, to understand how the heel bone contacts the ground (a foot position called 鈥減lantigrady鈥�).

McNutt was fascinated by the bipedal (upright walking) footprints at Laetoli Site A. Laetoli is famous for its impressive trackway of hominin footprints at Sites G and S, which are generally accepted as Australopithecus afarensis 鈥� the species of the famous partial skeleton 鈥淟ucy.鈥� But because the footprints at Site A were so different, some researchers thought they were made by a young bear walking upright on its hind legs.

To determine the maker of the Site A footprints, in June 2019, an international research team led by co-author , an associate professor of anthropology at University of Colorado Denver, went to Laetoli, where they re-excavated and fully cleaned the five, consecutive footprints. They identified evidence that the fossil footprints were made by a hominin 鈥� including a large impression for the heel and the big toe. The footprints were measured, photographed and 3D-scanned.

The researchers compared the Laetoli Site A tracks to the footprints of black bears (Ursus americanus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and humans (Homo sapiens).

They teamed up with co-authors Ben and Phoebe Kilham, who run the , a rescue and rehabilitation center for black bears in Lyme, New Hampshire. They identified four semi-wild juvenile black bears at the Center, with feet similar in size to that of the Site A footprints. Each bear was lured with maple syrup or apple sauce, to stand up and across a trackway filled with mud to capture their footprints.

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Over 50 hours of video on wild black bears was also obtained. The bears walked on two feet less than 1% of the total observation time making it unlikely that a bear made the footprints at Laetoli, especially given that no footprints were found of this individual walking on four legs.

"As bears walk, they take very wide steps, wobbling back and forth," said senior author , an associate professor of anthropology at Dartmouth. 鈥淭hey are unable to walk with a gait similar to that of the Site A footprints, as their hip musculature and knee shape does not permit that kind of motion and balance.鈥� Bear heels taper and their toes and feet are fan-like, while early human feet are squared off and have a prominent big toe, according to the researchers. Curiously, though, the Site A footprints record a hominin crossing one leg over the other as it walked 鈥� a gait called 鈥渃ross-stepping.鈥�

鈥淎lthough humans don鈥檛 typically cross-step, this motion can occur when one is trying to reestablish their balance,鈥� said McNutt. 鈥淭he Site A footprints may have been the result of a hominin walking across an area that was an unlevel surface.鈥�

Based on footprints collected from semi-wild chimpanzees at Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Uganda and two captive juveniles at Stony Brook University, the team found that chimpanzees have relatively narrow heels compared to their forefoot, a trait shared in common with bears. But the Laetoli footprints, including those at Site A, have wide heels relative to their forefoot.

The Site A footprints also contained the impressions of a large hallux (big toe) and smaller second digit. The size difference between the two digits was similar to humans and chimpanzees, but not black bears. These details further demonstrate that the footprints were likely made by a hominin moving on two legs. But in comparing the Laetoli footprints at Site A and the inferred foot proportions, morphology and likely gait, the results reveal that the Site A footprints are distinct from those of Australopithecus afarensis at Sites G and S.

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鈥淭hrough this research, we now have conclusive evidence from the Site A footprints that there were different hominin species walking bipedally on this landscape but in different ways on different feet,鈥� said DeSilva, who focuses on the origins and evolution of human walking. 鈥淲e鈥檝e had this evidence since the 1970s. It just took the rediscovery of these wonderful footprints and a more detailed analysis to get us here.鈥�

McNutt joined 51社区 as an assistant professor of instruction in medical anatomy in July 2021. Her research uses comparative functional morphology and biomechanics to investigate primate evolution and is currently focused on reconstructing and understanding the evolution of plantigrady in primates and bipedal locomotion in early hominins.